Contexts

It is often necessary for an application to associate certain information with a given file/directory, file handle, or enumeration operation. To assist developers in doing so in a convenient and performant manner, the CBFilter class provides context parameters in a number of events.

A context carries an application-defined value that identifies or points to some application-defined data, and each file/directory, file handle, and enumeration operation has a separate context associated with it. The CBFilter class treats context values as opaque; it stores the context values passed to it by the application, and ensures that the correct values are exposed again whenever some event fires for a particular file, handle, or enumeration; but does not otherwise attempt to use said values in any way.

Note that contexts are not available in the CBMonitor class.

Context Lifetimes

Contexts in CBFilter can be grouped into a few categories, each of which is subject to a different lifetime:

• File contexts and directory contexts, which are associated with an open file or directory.
• Handle contexts, which are associated with a specific open file or directory handle.
• Enumeration contexts, which are associated with an ongoing enumeration.

File/directory contexts are created the first time a file or directory is opened, and live until the last handle to that file or directory is closed. Handle contexts, on the other hand, are created every time a file or directory is opened, and only live until the associated file handle is closed. For example, consider the following sequence of operations:

File/directory contexts are available in all Control Events corresponding to operations performed on some open file or directory, and handle contexts have similar availability. Enumeration contexts are created anytime a new enumeration operation begins, and live until the enumeration operation ends.

All contexts, when created, are created before their corresponding "first event" fires (e.g., AfterOpenFile, AfterEnumerateDirectory, etc.); and when deleted, are deleted after their corresponding "last event" fires (e.g., AfterCloseFile, AfterCloseEnumeration, etc.). However, if a context's "first event" fails, whether expectedly (e.g., due to Security Checks) or otherwise (see Error Reporting and Handling), then that context's value is immediately discarded since its corresponding "last event" won't ever fire. (Contexts are not available in the BeforeOpenFile or BeforeCreateFile events since it is not known yet whether such requests will succeed.)

Note: the classes offer a special event, CleanupContext, which is the ultimate last event for the open file lifecycle. This event lets you dispose of the data, associated with file and handle contexts. It is recommended that contexts are deleted not in a AfterCloseFile event, but in CleanupContext. This will guarantee that there is no race condition between file closing and re-opening, where such race condition can lead to an invalid context value come into play.

Context Use-Cases

Contexts are most helpful when used to store information associated with a file/directory or file handle. Typically, contexts are initialized during their corresponding "first event", and then used in subsequent events to speed up those operations.

Applications are free to obtain and store whatever information they wish using contexts, so long as their event handlers comply with the restrictions described by the Avoiding Deadlocks and Recursive Calls topics.

Note: Although contexts usually come into play when the file is opened, the complex architecture of Windows filesystem filter stack makes it possible that some event, related to the opened file, fires ahead of the "first event" (i.e. before AfterCreateFile/AfterOpenFile/AfterEnumerateDirectory).

Using Contexts

In Java, there is no completely safe way to store object references in contexts either directly or indirectly, which is why all context parameters are long-typed. To emulate such capabilities, the following approach is recommended:

1. Create a global ConcurrentHashMap instance for the application (i.e., a singleton), with keys of type long and values of whatever type is desired.
2. When the application needs to create a context object in an event handler, a "key" can be created using the hash of the full file/directory name (including path), potentially mixed with additional information.
   • For file contexts, a hash of the full file/directory name is sufficiently unique since the context is exposed in all events pertaining to that file/directory.
   • For handle and enumeration contexts, additional information must be mixed in since multiple handle and/or enumeration contexts may be present at once for any given file/directory.
3. Using the created key, add the object to the ConcurrentHashMap. (Using the ConcurrentHashMap.putIfAbsent() method to do this is highly recommended since it will, atomically, check to see if the given key is already in use first.)
4. Set the Context parameter to the key used in the previous step.
5. To access the object in a later event, use the key stored by the context to retrieve the object from the ConcurrentHashMap.

Notes:

• ConcurrentHashMap is recommended because it's the most performant thread-safe data structure available in JDK 1.5+. Applications are free to use some other data structure instead, but must take care to enforce proper thread synchronization when accessing it since events are always fired using worker threads. Please refer to the Threading and Concurrency topic for more information.
• In 32-bit applications, contexts are stored in 32-bit variables internally, thus the higher 32 bits of 64-bit values are lost.